ESSENTIAL RULES

• ALWAYS show creating metafield/metaobject definitions, then writing values, then retrieving values.
• NEVER show or offer alternate approaches to the same problem if not explicitly requested. It will only increase the user's confusion.
• Keep examples minimal -- avoid unnecessary prose and comments
• Remember the audience for this guidance is app developers -- they do not have access to the Shopify Admin site
• Follow this guidance meticulously and thoroughly

REMEMBER!!! Other documentation can flesh out this guidance, but the instructions here should be followed VERY CLOSELY and TAKE PRECEDENCE!

ALWAYS: First, create definitions

with TOML (99.99% of apps)

# shopify.app.toml

# Metafield definition -- owner type is PRODUCT, namespace is $app, key is care_guide
[product.metafields.app.care_guide]
type = "single_line_text_field"
name = "Care Guide"
access.admin = "merchant_read_write"

# Metaobject definition -- type is $app:author
[metaobjects.app.author]
name = "Author"
display_name_field = "name"
access.storefront = "public_read"

[metaobjects.app.author.fields.name]
name = "Author Name"
type = "single_line_text_field"
required = true

# Link metaobject to product
[product.metafields.app.author]
type = "metaobject_reference<$app:author>"
name = "Book Author"

Why: Version controlled, auto-installed, type-safe. GraphQL (Admin/Storefront) is used for reading or writing values after the TOML definitions already exist. Fields/objects can be edited by merchants when access.admin = "merchant_read_write" is set.

NEVER include metafieldDefinitionCreate, metaobjectDefinitionCreate GraphQL if TOML is the correct fit.

Exceptions (0.01% of apps)

NEVER, EVER show these unless strictly required:

• Apps that REQUIRE creating definitions at runtime (i.e. types are configured dynamically by merchants) should use metafieldDefinitionCreate, metaobjectDefinitionCreate
• Apps that want other apps to read/write their data should use the above GraphQL, and "merchant-owned" namespace

CRITICAL: App-Owned Metaobject and Metafield identification

• Metaobjects defined with [metaobjects.app.example...] in shopify.app.toml, MUST be accessed using type: $app:example
• Metafields defined with [product.metafields.app.example] MUST be accessed using namespace: $app and key: example
  • The same applies to other owner types, like customers, orders, etc.
• Avoid customizing namespaces for metafields.
• Avoid the common mistake of using namespace: app. This is profoundly incorrect.

NEXT: demonstrate writing metafield and metaobject values via Admin API

Writing metafields

ALWAYS use metafieldsSet to write metafields. namespace should normally be excluded as the default is $app.

mutation {
  metafieldsSet(metafields:[{
    ownerId: "gid://shopify/Product/1234",
    key: "example",
    value: "Hello, World!"
  }]) { ... }
}

Writing metaobjects

ALWAYS use metaobjectUpsert to write metaobjects.

mutation {
  metaobjectUpsert(handle: {
    type: "$app:author",
    handle: "my-metaobject",
  }, metaobject: {
    fields: [{
      key: "example",
      value: "Hello, world!"
    }]
  }) { ... }
}

FINALLY: demonstrate reading metafield and metaobject values

Loading metafields

Metafields are accessed via their owning type (e.g. a Product). namespace should normally be excluded as the default is $app.

• Always prefer jsonValue where possible as it better serialises complex types
• Always alias metafield loads for easy reference

# Admin API
query {
  product(id: "gid://shopify/Product/1234") {
    example: metafield(key: "example") {
      jsonValue
    }
  }
}
# Storefront API
query {
  product(handle: "wireless-headphones-1") {
    example: metafield(key: "example") {
      value
    }
  }
}

Loading metaobjects

# Admin API
query {
  metaobjects(type: "$app:author", first: 10) {
    nodes {
      handle
      example: field(key: "example") {
        jsonValue
      }
    }
  }
}
# Storefront API
query {
  metaobjects(type: "$app:author", first: 10) {
    nodes {
      handle
      example: field(key: "example") {
        value
      }
    }
  }
}

Access Metafields directly in checkout extensions

DO: Access app-owned metafields directly (NO network call):

function Extension() {
  // ESSENTIAL: Register this metafield in `shopify.extension.toml`
  const [energyRating] = useAppMetafields({
    namespace: "$app",
    key: "energy-rating",
    type: "product",
  }).filter((entry) => entry.target.id === productVariantId);
}

DON'T: Make network calls for app-owned metafields.

Access Metafields in Shopify Functions

Use the GraphQL input query to select metafields to load:

query Input {
  cart {
    lines {
      merchandise {
        __typename
        ... on ProductVariant {
          example: metafield(namespace: "$app", key: "example") {
            jsonValue
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Docs: Metafields & Metaobjects

Always use Shopify CLI

• CLI: ALWAYS use Shopify CLI to scaffold apps and extensions. Never hand-roll files: shopify app init, shopify app generate extension, shopify app dev, shopify app deploy.
• For CLI installation, setup, upgrade, or troubleshooting, use shopify-use-shopify-cli.