markdown-to-html

作者： github

使用 marked.js、pandoc、gomarkdown 或靜態網站生成器將 Markdown 文件轉換為 HTML。支援多種轉換工具：marked.js 適用於 Node.js/CLI 工作流程，pandoc 用於跨格式轉換，gomarkdown 用於 Go 專案，以及 Jekyll/Hugo 用於靜態網站生成。處理所有標準 Markdown 風格，包括 CommonMark、GitHub 風格的 Markdown，以及表格、程式碼區塊、數學表達式和折疊區塊的擴展語法。提供 CLI 和程式化工作流程。

npx skills add https://github.com/github/awesome-copilot --skill markdown-to-html

下載 ZIP GitHub

35.8k

Markdown to HTML Conversion

Expert skill for converting Markdown documents to HTML using the marked.js library, or writing data conversion scripts; in this case scripts similar to markedJS/marked repository. For custom scripts knowledge is not confined to marked.js, but data conversion methods are utilized from tools like pandoc and gomarkdown/markdown for data conversion; jekyll/jekyll and gohugoio/hugo for templating systems.

The conversion script or tool should handle single files, batch conversions, and advanced configurations.

When to Use This Skill

User asks to "convert markdown to html" or "transform md files"
User wants to "render markdown" as HTML output
User needs to generate HTML documentation from .md files
User is building static sites from Markdown content
User is building template system that converts markdown to html
User is working on a tool, widget, or custom template for an existing templating system
User wants to preview Markdown as rendered HTML

Converting Markdown to HTML

Essential Basic Conversions

For more see basic-markdown-to-html.md

    ```markdown
    # Level 1
    ## Level 2

    One sentence with a [link](https://example.com), and a HTML snippet like `<p>paragraph tag</p>`.

    - `ul` list item 1
    - `ul` list item 2

    1. `ol` list item 1
    2. `ol` list item 1

    | Table Item | Description |
    | One | One is the spelling of the number `1`. |
    | Two | Two is the spelling of the number `2`. |

    ```js
    var one = 1;
    var two = 2;

    function simpleMath(x, y) {
     return x + y;
    }
    console.log(simpleMath(one, two));
    ```
    ```

    ```html
    <h1>Level 1</h1>
    <h2>Level 2</h2>

    <p>One sentence with a <a href="https://example.com">link</a>, and a HTML snippet like <code>&lt;p&gt;paragraph tag&lt;/p&gt;</code>.</p>

    <ul>
     <li>`ul` list item 1</li>
     <li>`ul` list item 2</li>
    </ul>

    <ol>
     <li>`ol` list item 1</li>
     <li>`ol` list item 2</li>
    </ol>

    <table>
     <thead>
      <tr>
       <th>Table Item</th>
       <th>Description</th>
      </tr>
     </thead>
     <tbody>
      <tr>
       <td>One</td>
       <td>One is the spelling of the number `1`.</td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
       <td>Two</td>
       <td>Two is the spelling of the number `2`.</td>
      </tr>
     </tbody>
    </table>

    <pre>
     <code>var one = 1;
     var two = 2;

     function simpleMath(x, y) {
      return x + y;
     }
     console.log(simpleMath(one, two));</code>
    </pre>
    ```

Code Block Conversions

For more see code-blocks-to-html.md


    ```markdown
    your code here
    ```

    ```html
    <pre><code class="language-md">
    your code here
    </code></pre>
    ```

    ```js
    console.log("Hello world");
    ```

    ```html
    <pre><code class="language-js">
    console.log("Hello world");
    </code></pre>
    ```

    ```markdown
      ```

      ```
      visible backticks
      ```

      ```
    ```

    ```html
      <pre><code>
      ```

      visible backticks

      ```
      </code></pre>
    ```

Collapsed Section Conversions

For more see collapsed-sections-to-html.md

    ```markdown
    <details>
    <summary>More info</summary>

    ### Header inside

    - Lists
    - **Formatting**
    - Code blocks

        ```js
        console.log("Hello");
        ```

    </details>
    ```

    ```html
    <details>
    <summary>More info</summary>

    <h3>Header inside</h3>

    <ul>
     <li>Lists</li>
     <li><strong>Formatting</strong></li>
     <li>Code blocks</li>
    </ul>

    <pre>
     <code class="language-js">console.log("Hello");</code>
    </pre>

    </details>
    ```

Mathematical Expression Conversions

For more see writing-mathematical-expressions-to-html.md

    ```markdown
    This sentence uses `$` delimiters to show math inline: $\sqrt{3x-1}+(1+x)^2$
    ```

    ```html
    <p>This sentence uses <code>$</code> delimiters to show math inline:
     <math-renderer><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
      <msqrt><mn>3</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></msqrt>
      <mo>+</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>x</mi>
      <msup><mo>)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup>
     </math>
    </math-renderer>
    </p>
    ```

    ```markdown
    **The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality**\
    $$\left( \sum_{k=1}^n a_k b_k \right)^2 \leq \left( \sum_{k=1}^n a_k^2 \right) \left( \sum_{k=1}^n b_k^2 \right)$$
    ```

    ```html
    <p><strong>The Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality</strong><br>
     <math-renderer>
      <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
       <msup>
        <mrow><mo>(</mo>
         <munderover><mo data-mjx-texclass="OP">∑</mo>
          <mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi>
         </munderover>
         <msub><mi>a</mi><mi>k</mi></msub>
         <msub><mi>b</mi><mi>k</mi></msub>
         <mo>)</mo>
        </mrow>
        <mn>2</mn>
       </msup>
       <mo>≤</mo>
       <mrow><mo>(</mo>
        <munderover><mo>∑</mo>
         <mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow>
         <mi>n</mi>
        </munderover>
        <msubsup><mi>a</mi><mi>k</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup>
        <mo>)</mo>
       </mrow>
       <mrow><mo>(</mo>
         <munderover><mo>∑</mo>
          <mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow>
          <mi>n</mi>
         </munderover>
         <msubsup><mi>b</mi><mi>k</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup>
         <mo>)</mo>
       </mrow>
      </math>
     </math-renderer></p>
    ```

Table Conversions

For more see tables-to-html.md

    ```markdown
    | First Header  | Second Header |
    | ------------- | ------------- |
    | Content Cell  | Content Cell  |
    | Content Cell  | Content Cell  |
    ```

    ```html
    <table>
     <thead><tr><th>First Header</th><th>Second Header</th></tr></thead>
     <tbody>
      <tr><td>Content Cell</td><td>Content Cell</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Content Cell</td><td>Content Cell</td></tr>
     </tbody>
    </table>
    ```

    ```markdown
    | Left-aligned | Center-aligned | Right-aligned |
    | :---         |     :---:      |          ---: |
    | git status   | git status     | git status    |
    | git diff     | git diff       | git diff      |
    ```

    ```html
    <table>
      <thead>
       <tr>
        <th align="left">Left-aligned</th>
        <th align="center">Center-aligned</th>
        <th align="right">Right-aligned</th>
       </tr>
      </thead>
      <tbody>
       <tr>
        <td align="left">git status</td>
        <td align="center">git status</td>
        <td align="right">git status</td>
       </tr>
       <tr>
        <td align="left">git diff</td>
        <td align="center">git diff</td>
        <td align="right">git diff</td>
       </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
    ```

Working with `markedJS/marked`

Prerequisites

Node.js installed (for CLI or programmatic usage)
Install marked globally for CLI: npm install -g marked
Or install locally: npm install marked

Quick Conversion Methods

See marked.md Quick Conversion Methods

Step-by-Step Workflows

See marked.md Step-by-Step Workflows

CLI Configuration

Using Config Files

Create ~/.marked.json for persistent options:

{
  "gfm": true,
  "breaks": true
}

Or use a custom config:

marked -i input.md -o output.html -c config.json

CLI Options Reference

Option	Description
`-i, --input <file>`	Input Markdown file
`-o, --output <file>`	Output HTML file
`-s, --string <string>`	Parse string instead of file
`-c, --config <file>`	Use custom config file
`--gfm`	Enable GitHub Flavored Markdown
`--breaks`	Convert newlines to `<br>`
`--help`	Show all options

Security Warning

⚠️ Marked does NOT sanitize output HTML. For untrusted input, use a sanitizer:

import { marked } from 'marked';
import DOMPurify from 'dompurify';

const unsafeHtml = marked.parse(untrustedMarkdown);
const safeHtml = DOMPurify.sanitize(unsafeHtml);

Recommended sanitizers:

Supported Markdown Flavors

Flavor	Support
Original Markdown	100%
CommonMark 0.31	98%
GitHub Flavored Markdown	97%

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
Special characters at file start	Strip zero-width chars: `content.replace(/^[\u200B\u200C\u200D\uFEFF]/,"")`
Code blocks not highlighting	Add a syntax highlighter like highlight.js
Tables not rendering	Ensure `gfm: true` option is set
Line breaks ignored	Set `breaks: true` in options
XSS vulnerability concerns	Use DOMPurify to sanitize output

Working with `pandoc`

Prerequisites

Pandoc installed (download from https://pandoc.org/installing.html)
For PDF output: LaTeX installation (MacTeX on macOS, MiKTeX on Windows, texlive on Linux)
Terminal/command prompt access

Quick Conversion Methods

Method 1: CLI Basic Conversion

# Convert markdown to HTML
pandoc input.md -o output.html

# Convert with standalone document (includes header/footer)
pandoc input.md -s -o output.html

# Explicit format specification
pandoc input.md -f markdown -t html -s -o output.html

Method 2: Filter Mode (Interactive)

# Start pandoc as a filter
pandoc

# Type markdown, then Ctrl-D (Linux/macOS) or Ctrl-Z+Enter (Windows)
Hello *pandoc*!
# Output: <p>Hello <em>pandoc</em>!</p>

Method 3: Format Conversion

# HTML to Markdown
pandoc -f html -t markdown input.html -o output.md

# Markdown to LaTeX
pandoc input.md -s -o output.tex

# Markdown to PDF (requires LaTeX)
pandoc input.md -s -o output.pdf

# Markdown to Word
pandoc input.md -s -o output.docx

CLI Configuration

Option	Description
`-f, --from <format>`	Input format (markdown, html, latex, etc.)
`-t, --to <format>`	Output format (html, latex, pdf, docx, etc.)
`-s, --standalone`	Produce standalone document with header/footer
`-o, --output <file>`	Output file (inferred from extension)
`--mathml`	Convert TeX math to MathML
`--metadata title="Title"`	Set document metadata
`--toc`	Include table of contents
`--template <file>`	Use custom template
`--help`	Show all options

Security Warning

⚠️ Pandoc processes input faithfully. When converting untrusted markdown:

Use --sandbox mode to disable external file access
Validate input before processing
Sanitize HTML output if displayed in browsers

# Run in sandbox mode for untrusted input
pandoc --sandbox input.md -o output.html

Supported Markdown Flavors

Flavor	Support
Pandoc Markdown	100% (native)
CommonMark	Full (use `-f commonmark`)
GitHub Flavored Markdown	Full (use `-f gfm`)
MultiMarkdown	Partial

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
PDF generation fails	Install LaTeX (MacTeX, MiKTeX, or texlive)
Encoding issues on Windows	Run `chcp 65001` before using pandoc
Missing standalone headers	Add `-s` flag for complete documents
Math not rendering	Use `--mathml` or `--mathjax` option
Tables not rendering	Ensure proper table syntax with pipes and dashes

Working with `gomarkdown/markdown`

Prerequisites

Go 1.18 or higher installed
Install the library: go get github.com/gomarkdown/markdown
For CLI tool: go install github.com/gomarkdown/mdtohtml@latest

Quick Conversion Methods

Method 1: Simple Conversion (Go)

package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "github.com/gomarkdown/markdown"
)

func main() {
    md := []byte("# Hello World\n\nThis is **bold** text.")
    html := markdown.ToHTML(md, nil, nil)
    fmt.Println(string(html))
}

Method 2: CLI Tool

# Install mdtohtml
go install github.com/gomarkdown/mdtohtml@latest

# Convert file
mdtohtml input.md output.html

# Convert file (output to stdout)
mdtohtml input.md

Method 3: Custom Parser and Renderer

package main

import (
    "github.com/gomarkdown/markdown"
    "github.com/gomarkdown/markdown/html"
    "github.com/gomarkdown/markdown/parser"
)

func mdToHTML(md []byte) []byte {
    // Create parser with extensions
    extensions := parser.CommonExtensions | parser.AutoHeadingIDs | parser.NoEmptyLineBeforeBlock
    p := parser.NewWithExtensions(extensions)
    doc := p.Parse(md)

    // Create HTML renderer with extensions
    htmlFlags := html.CommonFlags | html.HrefTargetBlank
    opts := html.RendererOptions{Flags: htmlFlags}
    renderer := html.NewRenderer(opts)

    return markdown.Render(doc, renderer)
}

CLI Configuration

The mdtohtml CLI tool has minimal options:

mdtohtml input-file [output-file]

For advanced configuration, use the Go library programmatically with parser and renderer options:

Parser Extension	Description
`parser.CommonExtensions`	Tables, fenced code, autolinks, strikethrough, etc.
`parser.AutoHeadingIDs`	Generate IDs for headings
`parser.NoEmptyLineBeforeBlock`	No blank line needed before blocks
`parser.MathJax`	MathJax support for LaTeX math

HTML Flag	Description
`html.CommonFlags`	Common HTML output flags
`html.HrefTargetBlank`	Add `target="_blank"` to links
`html.CompletePage`	Generate complete HTML page
`html.UseXHTML`	Generate XHTML output

Security Warning

⚠️ gomarkdown does NOT sanitize output HTML. For untrusted input, use Bluemonday:

import (
    "github.com/microcosm-cc/bluemonday"
    "github.com/gomarkdown/markdown"
)

maybeUnsafeHTML := markdown.ToHTML(md, nil, nil)
html := bluemonday.UGCPolicy().SanitizeBytes(maybeUnsafeHTML)

Recommended sanitizer: Bluemonday

Supported Markdown Flavors

Flavor	Support
Original Markdown	100%
CommonMark	High (with extensions)
GitHub Flavored Markdown	High (tables, fenced code, strikethrough)
MathJax/LaTeX Math	Supported via extension
Mmark	Supported

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
Windows/Mac newlines not parsed	Use `parser.NormalizeNewlines(input)`
Tables not rendering	Enable `parser.Tables` extension
Code blocks without highlighting	Integrate with syntax highlighter like Chroma
Math not rendering	Enable `parser.MathJax` extension
XSS vulnerabilities	Use Bluemonday to sanitize output

Working with `jekyll`

Prerequisites

Ruby version 2.7.0 or higher
RubyGems
GCC and Make (for native extensions)
Install Jekyll and Bundler: gem install jekyll bundler

Quick Conversion Methods

Method 1: Create New Site

# Create a new Jekyll site
jekyll new myblog

# Change to site directory
cd myblog

# Build and serve locally
bundle exec jekyll serve

# Access at http://localhost:4000

Method 2: Build Static Site

# Build site to _site directory
bundle exec jekyll build

# Build with production environment
JEKYLL_ENV=production bundle exec jekyll build

Method 3: Live Reload Development

# Serve with live reload
bundle exec jekyll serve --livereload

# Serve with drafts
bundle exec jekyll serve --drafts

CLI Configuration

Command	Description
`jekyll new <path>`	Create new Jekyll site
`jekyll build`	Build site to `_site` directory
`jekyll serve`	Build and serve locally
`jekyll clean`	Remove generated files
`jekyll doctor`	Check for configuration issues

Serve Options	Description
`--livereload`	Reload browser on changes
`--drafts`	Include draft posts
`--port <port>`	Set server port (default: 4000)
`--host <host>`	Set server host (default: localhost)
`--baseurl <url>`	Set base URL

Security Warning

⚠️ Jekyll security considerations:

Avoid using safe: false in production
Use exclude in _config.yml to prevent sensitive files from being published
Sanitize user-generated content if accepting external input
Keep Jekyll and plugins updated

# _config.yml security settings
exclude:
  - Gemfile
  - Gemfile.lock
  - node_modules
  - vendor

Supported Markdown Flavors

Flavor	Support
Kramdown (default)	100%
CommonMark	Via plugin (jekyll-commonmark)
GitHub Flavored Markdown	Via plugin (jekyll-commonmark-ghpages)
RedCarpet	Via plugin (deprecated)

Configure markdown processor in _config.yml:

markdown: kramdown
kramdown:
  input: GFM
  syntax_highlighter: rouge

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
Ruby 3.0+ fails to serve	Run `bundle add webrick`
Gem dependency errors	Run `bundle install`
Slow builds	Use `--incremental` flag
Liquid syntax errors	Check for unescaped `{` in content
Plugin not loading	Add to `_config.yml` plugins list

Working with `hugo`

Prerequisites

Hugo installed (download from https://gohugo.io/installation/)
Git (recommended for themes and modules)
Go (optional, for Hugo Modules)

Quick Conversion Methods

Method 1: Create New Site

# Create a new Hugo site
hugo new site mysite

# Change to site directory
cd mysite

# Add a theme
git init
git submodule add https://github.com/theNewDynamic/gohugo-theme-ananke themes/ananke
echo "theme = 'ananke'" >> hugo.toml

# Create content
hugo new content posts/my-first-post.md

# Start development server
hugo server -D

Method 2: Build Static Site

# Build site to public directory
hugo

# Build with minification
hugo --minify

# Build for specific environment
hugo --environment production

Method 3: Development Server

# Start server with drafts
hugo server -D

# Start with live reload and bind to all interfaces
hugo server --bind 0.0.0.0 --baseURL http://localhost:1313/

# Start with specific port
hugo server --port 8080

CLI Configuration

Command	Description
`hugo new site <name>`	Create new Hugo site
`hugo new content <path>`	Create new content file
`hugo`	Build site to `public` directory
`hugo server`	Start development server
`hugo mod init`	Initialize Hugo Modules

Build Options	Description
`-D, --buildDrafts`	Include draft content
`-E, --buildExpired`	Include expired content
`-F, --buildFuture`	Include future-dated content
`--minify`	Minify output
`--gc`	Run garbage collection after build
`-d, --destination <path>`	Output directory

Server Options	Description
`--bind <ip>`	Interface to bind to
`-p, --port <port>`	Port number (default: 1313)
`--liveReloadPort <port>`	Live reload port
`--disableLiveReload`	Disable live reload
`--navigateToChanged`	Navigate to changed content

Security Warning

⚠️ Hugo security considerations:

Configure security policy in hugo.toml for external commands
Use --enableGitInfo carefully with public repositories
Validate shortcode parameters for user-generated content

# hugo.toml security settings
[security]
  enableInlineShortcodes = false
  [security.exec]
    allow = ['^go$', '^npx$', '^postcss$']
  [security.funcs]
    getenv = ['^HUGO_', '^CI$']
  [security.http]
    methods = ['(?i)GET|POST']
    urls = ['.*']

Supported Markdown Flavors

Flavor	Support
Goldmark (default)	100% (CommonMark compliant)
GitHub Flavored Markdown	Full (tables, strikethrough, autolinks)
CommonMark	100%
Blackfriday (legacy)	Deprecated, not recommended

Configure markdown in hugo.toml:

[markup]
  [markup.goldmark]
    [markup.goldmark.extensions]
      definitionList = true
      footnote = true
      linkify = true
      strikethrough = true
      table = true
      taskList = true
    [markup.goldmark.renderer]
      unsafe = false  # Set true to allow raw HTML

Troubleshooting

Issue	Solution
"Page not found" on paths	Check `baseURL` in config
Theme not loading	Verify theme in `themes/` or Hugo Modules
Slow builds	Use `--templateMetrics` to identify bottlenecks
Raw HTML not rendering	Set `unsafe = true` in goldmark config
Images not loading	Check `static/` folder structure
Module errors	Run `hugo mod tidy`