postgresql-best-practices

Expert PostgreSQL skills with intelligent routing. Covers both generic PostgreSQL and Azure Database for PostgreSQL.

PostgreSQL Agent Skills — Routing Table

Use references as supplemental context — combine them with your PostgreSQL knowledge. If reference guidance is incomplete, answer with appropriate caveats rather than inventing details.

Key Constraints

Never use ALTER SYSTEM on managed services — use portal/CLI/ARM instead
Never assume SUPERUSER — use azure_pg_admin (Azure) or equivalent managed role
Use CONCURRENTLY for CREATE INDEX / REINDEX / DETACH PARTITION in production
pgsql_modify does NOT return row data (no RETURNING support)
Destructive DDL confirmation: Before executing pgsql_modify with DROP, TRUNCATE, DELETE (without WHERE), or ALTER TABLE ... DROP, always ask the user for explicit confirmation. List the affected objects and warn about data loss before proceeding.
Version-gated features: MERGE (PG 15+), json_table (PG 17+), DETACH CONCURRENTLY (PG 14+)

Managed Service Guardrails (Azure Flexible Server and Azure HorizonDB)

When the context is Azure Database for PostgreSQL (either flavor), NEVER suggest:

File paths: pg_hba.conf, postgresql.conf, /var/lib/postgresql/ — not accessible. Never run SHOW config_file, SHOW hba_file, or SHOW data_directory (internal paths, irrelevant on managed services).
OS commands: systemctl, sudo, pg_basebackup, pg_ctl, initdb — no OS-level access
ALTER SYSTEM SET — blocked on Azure. Use the control-plane parameter API instead (Flexible Server: az postgres flexible-server parameter set; HorizonDB: parameter groups / az horizondb) or the portal.
ALTER DATABASE SET for server-wide parameters — permitted, but prefer the control-plane parameter API (az postgres flexible-server parameter set on Flexible Server; a parameter group connected to the cluster on HorizonDB) for changes like work_mem, shared_buffers, max_connections. Use ALTER DATABASE SET only for an explicit per-database override, and clarify scope first.
Manual replication setup — use Azure read replicas (Flexible Server: az postgres flexible-server replica create; HorizonDB: add a read replica to the cluster)
Manual backup/restore — do NOT suggest pg_dump/pg_basebackup as the primary strategy. Lead with Azure PITR (creates a new server/cluster); use pg_dump only for cross-platform migration or selective export.

Instead, always use Azure equivalents: portal, az CLI, ARM/Bicep, or server parameters API.

Flavor split: on Azure HorizonDB the same guardrails hold, but the control plane is az horizondb / a parameter group connected to the cluster / Microsoft.HorizonDB ARM (api-version 2026-01-20-preview) — never az postgres flexible-server. Each azure-* reference has an On Azure HorizonDB section with the deltas.

Shell Execution Policy (az CLI)

When guidance needs Azure CLI and shell access exists:

Run once per session:

az version
az account show --query "{subscription:id, name:name, tenant:tenantId, user:user.name}" -o json

If az account show fails, ask the user to run az login or az login --use-device-code. Do not run login automatically.
Execute non-destructive az commands directly.
NEVER execute destructive az CLI commands without explicit user confirmation. Before running delete, restart, upgrade, failover, stop-replication, or PITR restore, state what will happen (including expected downtime) and ask "Do you want me to proceed?" Wait for a yes before executing.
Always pass --subscription <id>.
If target server or resource group is unknown, always discover before prompting the user:
```
az postgres flexible-server list --query "[].{name:name, resourceGroup:resourceGroup, location:location, version:version}" -o table
```
Use the discovered resourceGroup and name; ask the user only if multiple servers make the target ambiguous.
If shell access is unavailable, provide numbered manual commands.

Connection Context Detection

On first activation:

If an MCP connection exists, call pgsql_get_server_capabilities once and cache isAzure.
isAzure: true → all skills available; prefer azure-postgresql-* for overlapping topics.
isAzure: false → use only postgresql-* skills.
No connection + generic question → use postgresql-* skills.
No connection + explicit Azure question → answer conceptually with: "These steps require an active Azure PostgreSQL connection to execute." Apply all Azure guardrails (no ALTER SYSTEM, no file paths, no OS commands) even without isAzure confirmation — if the user says "Azure PostgreSQL", treat it as Azure.
Unknown state → attempt capability check only for clearly Azure-specific requests; otherwise default to generic PostgreSQL skills.
Azure flavor (Flexible Server vs HorizonDB) — when isAzure: true, read the connection host and cache azureFlavor: *.horizondb.azure.com → Azure HorizonDB (Preview); *.postgres.database.azure.com → Flexible Server. On HorizonDB, follow the On Azure HorizonDB section of the matching azure-* reference (HorizonDB control plane, not az postgres flexible-server). Several Flexible-Server-only features (built-in PgBouncer, VNet injection, geo/cross-region replicas, configurable backup retention, CMK, intelligent tuning, major-version upgrade) are not yet available on HorizonDB — say so instead of emitting Flexible Server steps.

PostgreSQL Skills (always available)

These skills apply to any PostgreSQL deployment — self-hosted, RDS, Cloud SQL, Azure, or local.

Keyword triggers	Reference	When to use
pgvector, vector column, HNSW index, embedding store, similarity search, cosine distance, vector index, nearest neighbor, pgvector extension	postgresql-vector-search	pgvector setup, HNSW indexes, distance operators, recall tuning
RAG, embeddings postgresql, semantic search pgvector, hybrid search RRF, reciprocal rank fusion, vector + full text, retrieval augmented, RAG system	postgresql-genai-rag	RAG pipelines, hybrid search with RRF, chunking strategy
CREATE EXTENSION, pg_stat_statements, pg_trgm, shared_preload_libraries, manage extensions, extension install, install extension, install the	postgresql-extensions	Extension install/upgrade, common extensions, troubleshooting
btree index, gin index, gist index, brin index, partial index, covering index, CREATE INDEX, multicolumn index, index bloat, index strategy	postgresql-advanced-indexing	B-tree, GIN, GiST, BRIN, partial/expression/covering indexes
jsonb, json containment, GIN jsonb_ops, jsonb_path_query, document store postgresql, jsonb index, -> operator, ->> operator	postgresql-jsonb-patterns	JSONB operators, indexing strategies, query patterns
table partition, range partition, list partition, hash partition, pg_partman, partition pruning, detach partition, 500M rows, large table time-series, detach a partition	postgresql-table-partitioning	Declarative partitioning, partition pruning, maintenance
row level security, RLS policy, tenant isolation, CREATE POLICY, FORCE ROW LEVEL SECURITY, multi-tenant, enabled RLS	postgresql-row-level-security	CREATE POLICY, per-tenant isolation, session variables
tsvector, tsquery, full text search, ts_rank, websearch_to_tsquery, text search configuration, search functionality, autocomplete search, autocomplete, prefix search	postgresql-full-text-search	tsvector/tsquery, GIN indexes, ranking, hybrid search
connection pool, max_connections, too many clients, too many connections, idle connections, PgBouncer, connection exhaustion	postgresql-connection-management	Pool sizing, PgBouncer modes, connection lifetime
logical replication, publication, subscription, CDC postgres, pg_logical, wal_level logical, replicate tables, replication slot, WAL filling, replicate specific tables	postgresql-replication	Logical replication setup, row filters (PG15+), conflict resolution
slow query, EXPLAIN ANALYZE, query plan, work_mem tuning, vacuum analyze, autovacuum tuning, query performance	postgresql-query-performance	EXPLAIN reading, statistics tuning, vacuum, parallel query

Azure PostgreSQL Skills (requires `isAzure: true`)

GATE: Only use these when pgsql_get_server_capabilities confirms isAzure: true. For conceptual questions without a connection, provide informational answers with a disclaimer.

Keyword triggers	Reference	When to use INSTEAD OF generic
DiskANN, pg_diskann, filtered vector search, azure vector index tuning, vector search azure, HNSW indexes azure	azure-postgresql-vector-diskann	User needs DiskANN (Azure-only), filtered vector search, or is on Azure and needs index advice
azure_ai, azure_openai, ai.complete, in-database embeddings, LLM from SQL, generate embeddings SQL, call AI from SQL, connect azure openai, AI functions from SQL, classify using AI, AI directly in SQL, call GPT from database, call OpenAI from SQL, invoke AI from postgres, run inference in database, ML in PostgreSQL azure, summarize text SQL, sentiment analysis SQL	azure-postgresql-azure-ai	User wants to call LLMs/embeddings directly from SQL (azure_ai extension)
azure_ai RAG, in-database RAG pipeline, azure_openai.create_embeddings + search, RAG azure_ai, embeddings without leaving database, batch-embed, RAG system, embed the user, entire RAG pipeline inside, generate embeddings for	azure-postgresql-genai-patterns	User wants end-to-end RAG using azure_ai (in-DB embeddings). If app-driven RAG on Azure, use generic `postgresql-genai-rag` instead
azure.extensions, allowlist, extension on Azure, azure_pg_admin, extension Flexible Server, install extension azure, permission denied extension azure, permission denied to create extension	azure-postgresql-extension-lifecycle	Extension install ON AZURE (allowlist workflow). Generic `postgresql-extensions` covers non-Azure
Entra ID, managed identity, service principal, passwordless auth, AAD token, Entra ID postgres, token-based connection, token expir	azure-postgresql-entra-id-auth	Azure-specific auth only. No generic equivalent.
built-in PgBouncer, azure connection pooling, pool_mode azure Flexible Server, connection pooling azure	azure-postgresql-connection-pooling	Azure built-in PgBouncer. Generic `postgresql-connection-management` covers standalone PgBouncer
provision Flexible Server, az postgres create, resize azure postgres, Burstable, GeneralPurpose, MemoryOptimized, IOPS scaling, Terraform azure postgres, create azure postgres, max_connections azure, scale down, scale storage, shrink storage, scale up, change tier, change SKU, increase compute, increase vCores, upgrade tier, server configuration, compute tier, storage tier, resize server, server sizing	azure-postgresql-provisioning	Azure-specific. No generic equivalent.
zone redundant HA, zone-redundant, failover azure, PITR, read replica azure, geo-restore, backup azure postgres, high availability azure postgres, same-zone HA	azure-postgresql-ha-disaster-recovery	Azure HA/DR. No generic equivalent.
Private Link, VNet, firewall rule azure, SSL azure, TLS azure, public access azure, private endpoint postgres, network access azure, can't connect, connection refused azure, SSL connection is required, certificate verify failed, connection timeout azure, network connectivity azure, allow IP, whitelist IP	azure-postgresql-networking-ssl	Azure networking. No generic equivalent.
Query Store, index recommendations, performance insights, intelligent tuning, query performance azure, slow queries azure, indexes Azure PostgreSQL recommends	azure-postgresql-intelligent-tuning	Azure-specific monitoring. Generic `postgresql-query-performance` covers EXPLAIN-based tuning
major version upgrade, maintenance window, in-place upgrade, MVU, upgrade postgres azure, schedule maintenance, upgrade my Azure PostgreSQL, upgrade from version	azure-postgresql-upgrades-maintenance	Azure-specific. No generic equivalent.

Azure quick-reference (when isAzure: true):

Tier: SELECT current_setting('azure.server_tier', true);
Allowlist: SHOW azure.extensions;
az ... parameter set --value replaces the full list; fetch current values first.

Graph Workloads (Apache AGE)

For anything involving a property graph on PostgreSQL, route to the sibling pg-graph skill: Apache AGE, openCypher, ag_catalog, knowledge graphs, ontology, graph traversal, and natural language to Cypher. That skill owns AGE setup, the ag_catalog.cypher() wrapping contract, graph schema introspection, and retrieval that combines vectors with graph traversal. Keep AGE specific guidance there rather than duplicating it here.

Quick Decision Tree

Vector or similarity → azure-postgresql-vector-diskann on Azure, otherwise postgresql-vector-search. When isAzure: true and the user asks about vector indexes without specifying an index type, recommend DiskANN as the preferred option alongside HNSW.
RAG or GenAI → azure-postgresql-genai-patterns only for in-database azure_ai; otherwise postgresql-genai-rag
Extensions → Azure uses azure-postgresql-extension-lifecycle; non-Azure uses postgresql-extensions
Connection pooling → Azure built-in pooler uses azure-postgresql-connection-pooling; otherwise postgresql-connection-management
Azure-only topics like Entra ID, provisioning, HA, networking, upgrades → route to matching azure-* skill only when isAzure: true
Generic topics like indexing, JSONB, partitioning, RLS, FTS, replication → use postgresql-*
Graph topics like Apache AGE, openCypher, ag_catalog, knowledge graphs, ontology, graph traversal → route to the pg-graph skill

Global Anti-Hallucination Policy

Verify Azure-specific claims with live checks like SHOW, pg_settings, or pg_available_extensions when possible.
State uncertainty explicitly instead of guessing.
Do not extrapolate beyond documented versions, tiers, or providers.
Treat generic skills as supplements, not scripts.